The adverse-effect profile of lacosamide

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Lacosamide has been used in epilepsy patients in the United States, Europe and Asia since it was approved by the FDA in 2008. Many patients have benefited from this drug as a new generation of sodium channel blocker. With the worldwide use of this drug, its adverse effects have gradually emerged, especially some rare adverse events.

Areas covered: The present review aims to summarize the adverse effects of lacosamide reported in the literature in recent years to promote the safe clinical application of the drug.

Expert opinion: In more than 10 years of experience in drug usage, adverse reactions of lacosamide have also been gradually discovered. The review showed that lacosamide is safe and effective in antiepileptic treatment, and its common side effects are dizziness, headache, drowsiness, diplopia, and cardiovascular abnormalities. Skin rashes, hematotoxicity and heart damage, psychological symptoms and suicide risk have also been reported and emphasized.     

Three-year efficacy and patency follow-up of decellularized human internal mammary artery as a novel vascular graft in animal models

Background

Various investigations have reported that the internal mammary artery (IMA) is an efficient and functional choice of conduit for vascular graft surgeries, especially for coronary artery bypass grafts; however, the quest to find an ideal vascular substitute remains. We hypothesized that acellular IMA could be an appropriate graft for small-diameter vascular bypasses that could be used in various surgeries including coronary artery bypass grafting.

洛索洛芬钠片辅助治疗骨关节炎的疗效及不良反应

目的探讨洛索洛芬钠片辅助治疗骨关节炎的效果及不良反应。方法选择2018年1月至2020年1月郑州市骨科医院收治的150例确诊为骨关节炎的患者作为观察对象,根据治疗方式不同分为观察组和对照组,每组75例。对照组基于玻璃酸钠注射液治疗,每周行关节腔内注射25 mg,5次为1疗程,共治疗2个疗程。观察组在此基础上联合洛索洛芬钠片,每次60 mg,每天3次,持续治疗10周。比较治疗前后两组患者关节滑液肿瘤坏死因子、细胞白介素水平;患者疼痛程度、膝关节功能以及不良反应情况。结果观察组治疗有效率为97.33%(73/75),对照组为84.00%(63/75),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组之间的VAS和WOMAC评分比较差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后观察组膝关节疼痛和疼痛的改善优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前两组患者的白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平比较差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后观察组上述炎性因子水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率为2.67%(2/75),低于对照组(12%,9/75),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论洛索洛芬钠片能有效患者患者疼痛和膝关节症状,提高患者治疗效果且疗效确切,值得借鉴。     

帕瑞昔布钠预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术后咽喉痛疗效观察

目的观察帕瑞昔布钠预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术后咽喉痛的疗效。方法选取2018年6月至2019年1月在重庆市北碚区中医院择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的130例全身麻醉患者作为研究对象,性别不限,年龄21~67岁,美国麻醉医师协会分级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,随机分为帕瑞昔布钠组(P组)和生理盐水组(S组)。手术结束前10 min P组患者静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,S组患者静脉注射等容量生理盐水。记录两组患者术后拔管即刻,术后2、6、12、24 h咽喉痛的视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)。观察并记录拔管期间出现不良反应情况,随访记录患者术后6 h咽喉部并发症发生率、静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)使用情况,以及术后24、48 h 15项恢复质量量表评分。结果P组患者术后拔管即刻,术后2、6、12 h VAS评分均低于S组,PCIA按压次数均少于S组,拔管期间不良反应发生率、术后6 h咽喉部并发症发生率均明显低于S组,术后24、48 h QoR-15项恢复质量量表评分均明显高于S组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论帕瑞昔布钠能有效减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后咽喉痛发生情况。     

Mechanochemical Endovenous Ablation of Varicose Veins in Pediatric Patients with Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome: Feasibility,Safety, and Initial Results

PurposeTo evaluate feasibility, safety, and results of endovenous mechanochemical ablation (MOCA) for treatment of persistent embryonic and dysplastic veins in pediatric patients with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS).Materials and MethodsThirteen MOCA procedures were performed in 11 patients (age range, 4–16 years) with KTS and symptomatic persistent embryonic or dysplastic veins during a 24-month period. All patients were evaluated with color Doppler (CD) ultrasound (US), contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and venography to assess the anatomy of the target vessels and patency of the deep venous system. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia with a ClariVein catheter and liquid sodium tetradecyl sulfate as the sclerosing agent. US and fluoroscopic guidance were used in all cases. Technical success rate, primary occlusion rate, adverse effects, and recanalization rates were evaluated. Clinical and radiological (CD US) controls were performed 1 day, 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months after the procedure and once a year thereafter, with a mean follow-up of 16 months (range, 6–25 months).ResultsTechnical success and primary occlusion were achieved in all patients with no adverse events. During the follow-up period, CD US demonstrated partial recanalization and symptom recurrence in 2 patients (18%), 14 and 18 months after the initial procedure. These 2 patients had a second ablation procedure with no recanalization or symptom recurrence during the subsequent follow-up period.ConclusionsMOCA is feasible and appears to be a safe and effective technique for treatment of varicose veins in pediatric patients with KTS.     

Recipient hypertonic saline infusion prevents cardiac allograft dysfunction

Objective

Hypertonic saline (HTS) has potent immune and vascular effects. We assessed recipient pretreatment with HTS on allograft function in a porcine model of heart transplantation and hypothesized that HTS infusion would limit endothelial and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction following transplantation.

麻黄附子细辛汤联合孟鲁司特钠治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效

目的探讨麻黄附子细辛汤联合孟鲁司特钠治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效。方法选取会昌县中医院2017年1月-2018年6月收治的咳嗽变异性哮喘患者112例,随机分为对照组与试验组,各56例。对照组予以孟鲁司特钠治疗,试验组在对照组基础上加用麻黄附子细辛汤治疗。两组均连续治疗4周。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后症状积分、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白介素4(IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),并观察两组不良反应发生情况。结果试验组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前两组症状积分、hs-CRP、IL-4、TNF-α比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后试验组症状积分、hs-CRP、IL-4、TNF-α低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论麻黄附子细辛汤联合孟鲁司特钠治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效确切,可有效改善患者临床症状,减少炎性反应,且安全性较高。     

Logistic模型和ROC曲线对磷酸钠盐致电解质紊乱的预测分析

目的：应用Logistic模型和ROC曲线探讨磷酸钠盐口服溶液致电解质紊乱的相关危险因素，并进行风险预测。方法：采用回顾性、观察性的研究方法收集使用磷酸钠盐口服溶液患者的病历资料，分析致电解质紊乱的危险因素，建立Logistic模型，绘制风险因素的ROC曲线。结果：共纳入294例（男183例，女111例）患者，78例（占26.5%）患者出现电解质紊乱，其中低钾血症有34例（占11.6%），高氯血症有29例（占9.9%），低钾高氯血症有7例（占2.4%），低钠血症有4例（占1.4%），低钠低氯血症有3例（占1.0%），低钠低氯低钾血症有1例（占0.34%）。单因素方差分析显示年龄、SCr、Ccr 3项指标的差异具有显著性，进一步多因素Logistic模型分析显示CCr分级是发生电解质紊乱的独立危险因素。根据Logistic模型分析结果，用CCr分级构建ROC曲线，曲线下面积0.816。CCr< 60 mL·min^-1时，患者更易发生电解质紊乱，提示CCr是发生电解质紊乱的危险因素。结论：临床医师可根据患者CCr情况选择合适的肠道清洁药物。     

Ocular dysfunctions and toxicities induced by antiepileptic medications: Types,pathogenic mechanisms,and treatment strategies

Introduction: Ocular dysfunctions and toxicities induced by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are rarely reviewed and not frequently received attention by treating physicians compared to other adverse effects (e.g. endocrinologic, cognitive and metabolic). However, some are frequent and progressive even in therapeutic concentrations or result in permanent blindness. Although some adverse effects are non-specific, others are related to the specific pharmacodynamics of the drug.

Areas covered: This review was written after detailed search in PubMed, EMBASE, ISI web, SciELO, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register databases (from 1970 to 2019). It summarized the reported ophthalmologic adverse effects of the currently available AEDs; their risks and possible pathogenic mechanisms. They include ocular motility dysfunctions, retinopathy, maculopathy, glaucoma, myopia, optic neuropathy, and impaired retinal vascular autoregulation. In general, ophthalmo-neuro- or retino-toxic adverse effects of AEDs are classified as type A (dose-dependent), type B (host-dependent or idiosyncratic) or type C which is due to the cumulative effect from long-term use.

Expert opinion: Ocular adverse effects of AEDs are rarely reviewed although some are frequent or may result in permanent blindness. Increasing knowledge of their incidence and improving understanding of their risks and pathogenic mechanisms are crucial for monitoring, prevention, and management of patients’ at risk.